Physics & Chemistry
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This physicist improved long-distance radio transmission and helped invent the cathode-ray tube display.
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This Soviet physicist explained how certain superconductors keep working even inside strong magnetic fields.
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This physicist built the first self-sustaining nuclear chain reactor under a Chicago stadium in 1942.
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This physicist discovered that certain ceramic materials could superconduct at unusually warm temperatures.
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This scientist co-invented a microscope so precise it can image individual atoms one at a time.
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All 100 questions in this topic, with answers — use it to study, or just browse. Every actual play of the puzzle only pulls a random handful of these into one game, so knowing them all here won't spoil which ones show up or where they're hidden in the grid. Play it here.
This 18th-century Scottish chemist discovered that heat can change a substance's state without raising its temperature.
BLACKThis Serbian-American inventor championed alternating current as the standard for electrical power systems.
TESLAThis physicist proposed that quantum particles are guided by hidden variables rather than pure chance.
BOHMThis British physicist predicted the existence of antimatter from a single elegant equation.
DIRACThis American physicist discovered the positron, the antimatter twin of the electron, in 1932.
ANDERSONThis physicist developed laser techniques to slow and trap atoms near absolute zero.
CHUThis Scottish physicist identified the exact angle at which reflected light becomes completely polarized.
BREWSTERThis scientist proposed that a giant asteroid strike, not slow change, wiped out the dinosaurs.
ALVAREZThis German physicist invented a coincidence-counting method for tracking individual cosmic ray particles.
BOTHEThis Italian astronomer aimed a telescope at Jupiter's moons and undermined the Earth-centered universe.
GALILEOThis German physicist stated the principle that energy can change form but is never created or destroyed.
HELMHOLTZThis astrophysicist correctly predicted that the sun should be flooding Earth with ghostly particles called neutrinos.
BAHCALLThis German astronomer worked out that planets travel in ellipses, not perfect circles, around the sun.
KEPLERThis physicist led India's early nuclear research program and studied how cosmic rays interact with matter.
BHABHAThis German physicist's idea that energy comes in discrete packets launched the field of quantum theory.
PLANCKThis physicist showed that the square of a particle's wave function gives the probability of finding it somewhere.
BORNThis principle, often used to explain lift, says a moving fluid's pressure falls as its speed rises.
BERNOULLIThis physicist showed that particles can seem to instantly affect each other no matter how far apart they are.
ASPECTThis physicist invented the bubble chamber, letting scientists photograph the tracks of subatomic particles.
GLASERAn equation describing turbulence and shock waves in fluids carries this Dutch physicist's name.
BURGERSThis Swiss mathematician's formulas and notation still underpin huge areas of modern physics.
EULERThis astronomer showed that distant galaxies are racing away from us, revealing an expanding universe.
HUBBLEThis physicist built some of the earliest particle accelerators that collide beams head-on.
BUDKERThis researcher's work on semiconductor heterostructures underlies the lasers used in every CD and DVD player.
ALFEROVThis scientist explained the branching showers of particles triggered when a cosmic ray hits the atmosphere.
AUGERThis Soviet physicist helped build some of the earliest working lasers and masers.
BASOVThis 19th-century scholar became the first African American to earn a doctorate in physics in the United States.
BOUCHETThis 18th-century Italian scholar became the first woman to hold a university physics professorship.
BASSIThis 17th-century scientist's law states that a gas's pressure rises as its volume shrinks, at constant temperature.
BOYLEThis German mathematician advanced the theory behind magnetic fields and gave his name to a unit of magnetism.
GAUSSThis physicist invented intuitive diagrams for calculating particle interactions in quantum theory.
FEYNMANThis physicist proposed the field that gives fundamental particles their mass, confirmed at CERN in 2012.
HIGGSThis French physicist proposed that particles like electrons also travel as waves.
BROGLIEThis French engineer helped establish that light travels as a wave rather than a stream of particles.
FRESNELThis British physicist discovered that different elements give off their own distinct, identifiable X-rays.
BARKLAThis physicist championed the theory that light elements formed through nuclear reactions after the Big Bang.
GAMOWThis English physicist showed that heat and mechanical work are simply different forms of the same energy.
JOULEThis 11th-century scholar in Cairo correctly argued that vision works because light enters the eye, not leaves it.
ALHAZENThis Swedish scientist founded the study of plasma behavior in magnetic fields, later named for him.
ALFVENThis 19th-century German optician derived the formula that set a hard limit on microscope resolving power.
ABBEThis physicist discovered cosmic rays after carrying detectors aloft in a series of balloon flights.
HESSThis Italian physicist explained the angle that governs how quark types mix during radioactive weak decay.
CABIBBOThis 17th-century scientist's law states that a spring stretches in direct proportion to the force pulling it.
HOOKEThis American scientist discovered a form of electromagnetic induction just after a European rival published first.
HENRYThis French engineer defined the theoretical ceiling on how efficient any heat engine can ever be.
CARNOTThis American physicist pioneered the study of matter squeezed under extremely high pressure.
BRIDGMANThis physicist's early theoretical work helped lay the groundwork for quantum computing.
DEUTSCHThis British physicist discovered the neutron in 1932, completing the basic picture of the atomic nucleus.
CHADWICKThis British scientist discovered that a changing magnetic field can generate an electric current.
FARADAYTogether with a colleague, this scientist described how an electric current generates a surrounding magnetic field.
BIOTThis scientist co-developed nuclear magnetic resonance, the physics principle behind medical MRI scanners.
BLOCHThis American inventor developed the first commercially practical long-lasting incandescent lightbulb.
EDISONThis physicist co-built the classic handheld device that clicks when it detects radiation.
GEIGERThis Italian scientist's frog-leg experiments led him to describe what he called animal electricity.
GALVANIThis American astronomer devised the stellar classification system that groups stars by spectrum letters like O and B.
CANNONThis American physicist is the only person to have won the Nobel Prize in Physics twice.
BARDEENThis Danish physicist pictured electrons circling the atomic nucleus in fixed, quantized orbits.
BOHRThis physicist's theory of relativity reshaped how we understand space, time, and gravity.
EINSTEINThis 18th-century scientist's torsion-balance experiment first measured gravitational attraction in a laboratory.
CAVENDISHThis physicist's tabletop experiment showed that quantum particles really do violate Bell's famous inequality.
CLAUSERWorking without a telescope, this 16th-century Danish astronomer recorded the most precise planetary data of his age.
BRAHEThis Italian scientist's number tells you how many particles are in one mole of any substance.
AVOGADROThis physicist devised a mathematical test that experiments could use to check whether hidden variables exist.
BELLThis American engineer invented the first wireless remote control, originally built for television sets.
ADLERThis English mathematician formulated the law of universal gravitation and the laws of motion.
NEWTONThis medieval Persian polymath described an early version of inertia, the tendency of motion to persist.
AVICENNAA father-and-son team share this surname and a Nobel Prize for explaining how X-rays diffract off crystals.
BRAGGThis Scottish physicist's equations unified electricity, magnetism, and light into one theory.
MAXWELLThis Norwegian scientist helped turn weather prediction into a physics-based science using fluid equations.
BJERKNESThis student, at age 24, spotted the first known pulsar hidden in her own radio telescope data.
BURNELLThis Austrian physicist explained why a siren's pitch changes as it speeds past a listener.
DOPPLERWork by this Indian physicist laid part of the foundation for a whole class of particles named bosons.
BOSEThis American physicist measured the speed of light with record precision and co-ran a famous ether-detecting experiment.
MICHELSONThis German chemist discovered nuclear fission by splitting uranium atoms with neutrons in 1938.
HAHNThis scientist developed the concept of free energy that predicts whether a chemical reaction will occur spontaneously.
GIBBSThis Austrian physicist linked entropy to the probability of a system's atomic arrangements.
BOLTZMANNThis French physicist used a giant swinging pendulum to give the first direct proof that Earth rotates.
FOUCAULTThis French physicist stumbled onto radioactivity when uranium salts fogged a photographic plate in a dark drawer.
BECQUERELA unit once common for measuring light wavelengths, equal to a ten-billionth of a meter, bears this Swedish name.
ANGSTROMThis physicist predicted a measurable attractive force between two uncharged metal plates in a vacuum.
CASIMIRThis Swiss mathematician and teacher showed that hydrogen's spectral lines fit a simple mathematical pattern.
BALMERThis British physicist discovered the ionized atmospheric layer that lets radio signals bounce around the globe.
APPLETONThis physicist and chemist discovered a second form of radioactivity, created rather than found in nature.
CURIEThis ancient Indian astronomer calculated that Earth's own rotation, not the sky, causes day and night.
ARYABHATAThis Austrian-Swedish physicist worked out the theory explaining why splitting a uranium nucleus releases energy.
MEITNERThe SI base unit of electric current is named after this French scientist.
AMPEREThis German physicist gave the modern statement of the second law of thermodynamics, involving entropy.
CLAUSIUSThis physicist co-developed the theory explaining how hydrogen and helium formed minutes after the Big Bang.
ALPHERThis physicist explained why certain numbers of protons or neutrons make an atomic nucleus especially stable.
MAYERThis Dutch scientist proposed that light spreads outward as a wave rather than as particles.
HUYGENSThis physicist refined the cloud chamber technique, letting scientists photograph cosmic ray particles and antimatter.
BLACKETTA faint blue glow given off by particles outpacing light's speed in water is named for this Soviet physicist.
CHERENKOVThis scientist's X-ray images provided crucial evidence for the double-helix structure of DNA.
FRANKLINThis physicist worked out the nuclear reactions that keep stars like the sun burning for billions of years.
BETHEThis German physicist was the first to broadcast and detect radio waves in a laboratory.
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