Physics & Chemistry
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This chemist's law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture equals the sum of each gas's partial pressure.
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The Saint-_ _ _ _ _ _ principle states that the effect of a localized load is felt only close to where it's applied, not far away.
This effect describes how a photon loses energy and increases in wavelength after scattering off an electron.
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This physicist's uncertainty principle states that certain pairs of properties can't both be measured with arbitrary precision at once.
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This law states that a paramagnetic material's magnetization is directly proportional to an applied magnetic field, at constant temperature.
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This effect describes the drop in fluid pressure that occurs when flow speeds up through a constricted section of pipe.
VENTURIThis effect describes a change in a material's refractive index in response to an applied electric field.
KERRThis scientist's free energy combines enthalpy and entropy to predict whether a chemical process will occur spontaneously.
GIBBSThis scientist's law states that equal volumes of gas at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules.
AVOGADROThis law relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the total electric charge enclosed within it.
GAUSSThis gas law states that pressure is directly proportional to temperature when volume and amount of gas stay constant.
GAYLUSSACThis law states that the force needed to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the distance it is displaced.
HOOKEThis physicist's four coupled equations form the mathematical foundation of classical electromagnetism.
MAXWELLThis physicist's temperature marks the point above which an antiferromagnetic material loses its ordered magnetic structure.
NEELThis physicist's mass-energy equivalence formula, E=mc-squared, reshaped 20th-century physics.
EINSTEINThis physicist's circuit laws govern how current and voltage behave at junctions and around closed loops.
KIRCHHOFFThis principle explains how faster-moving fluid exerts less pressure, helping generate lift on an airplane wing.
BERNOULLIPaired with another name, this law relates how much light a solution absorbs to its concentration and the light's path length.
BEERPaired with another scientist's name, this equation relates the pressure and temperature at which two phases of matter are in equilibrium.
CLAUSIUSPaired with another name, this ultracold matter state forms when many bosons occupy the same lowest-energy quantum state.
BOSEThis physicist's wave equation describes how a quantum system's state changes over time.
SCHRODINGERPaired with another name, this photochemical law states that only light actually absorbed by a substance can cause a chemical change.
DRAPERThis law relates the circulating magnetic field around a closed loop to the electric current passing through it.
AMPEREThis effect explains why a siren's pitch sounds higher as it approaches and lower as it moves away.
DOPPLERThis law states that current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across it.
OHMThis law describes how space-charge-limited electric current varies with the three-halves power of applied voltage.
CHILDThis law sets an upper limit of about 59.3% on the kinetic energy a wind turbine can extract from moving air.
BETZThis physiologist's laws describe how particles spread out via diffusion and define the diffusion coefficient.
FICKThis physicist's laws describe the geometric rules governing the structure of soap films and bubbles.
PLATEAUThe weak intermolecular attraction named for this Dutch physicist explains why real gases deviate from ideal behavior.
WAALSThis law of thermochemistry states that the total enthalpy change of a reaction is the same whether it happens in one step or several.
HESSPaired with another physicist's name, this photochemical law states that each photon absorbed triggers exactly one primary chemical event.
STARKThis equation allows calculation of a cell's reduction potential from concentrations of the reacting species.
NERNSTThis law of induction states that a changing magnetic field creates a proportional electromotive force in a nearby circuit.
FARADAYThis principle sets a theoretical minimum amount of energy that must be dissipated to erase one bit of information.
LANDAUERThis physicist's oil-drop experiment measured the electric charge carried by a single electron.
MILLIKANThis law calculates how much a light ray bends when passing between two materials of different refractive index.
SNELLPaired with another physicist's name, this early attempt to describe blackbody radiation broke down badly at short wavelengths.
RAYLEIGHThis law gives the angles at which X-rays scattered from a crystal lattice interfere constructively.
BRAGGPaired with another name, this law states a black body's total radiated energy scales with the fourth power of its temperature.
STEFANThis gas law states that pressure and volume are inversely proportional at constant temperature.
BOYLEThis astronomer's three laws describe how planets move in elliptical orbits around the sun.
KEPLERThis effect generates a voltage when a temperature difference exists across the junction of two different conductors.
SEEBECKThis effect deflects moving objects sideways relative to the ground because of Earth's rotation.
CORIOLISThis physicist's three laws describe how forces cause objects to accelerate, and how every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
NEWTONThis chemist's rule predicts that the more substituted, more stable alkene product tends to form in an elimination reaction.
ZAITSEVThis biochemist's rules found that in DNA, the amount of one paired base always equals the amount of its partner base.
CHARGAFFThis law states that for very brief flashes, the product of a light stimulus's intensity and duration stays constant for detection.
BLOCHPaired with another name, this effect is the temperature drop a real gas undergoes expanding without doing external work.
THOMSONThis physicist's rule predicts the order in which electron orbitals fill as atoms get heavier.
MADELUNGThis physicist's effect describes a supercurrent that can flow between two superconductors separated by a thin insulating barrier.
JOSEPHSONThis chemist's equation describes how a reaction's rate constant depends on temperature and activation energy.
ARRHENIUSPaired with another scientist's name, this law describes how magnetic susceptibility behaves above a ferromagnet's ordering temperature.
WEISSPaired with another scientist's name, this equation describes the pressure drop for slow, viscous flow through a narrow cylindrical pipe.
HAGENThis law states that pressure applied to an enclosed, incompressible fluid is transmitted equally in all directions.
PASCALThis chemist's rule predicts which carbon a hydrogen atom will attach to when adding across an unsymmetrical alkene double bond.
MARKOVNIKOVThis law describes how the radiant intensity from a perfectly diffusing surface varies with the viewing angle.
LAMBERTThis law states that a black body's radiation peaks at a wavelength inversely proportional to its temperature.
WIENThis physicist's laws describe the heating effect of electric current and the behavior of gases during free expansion.
JOULEThis physicist's early atomic model placed electrons in fixed circular orbits with quantized energy levels.
BOHRThis physicist's relativistic wave equation predicted the existence of antimatter.
DIRACThis effect explains the curved flight path of a spinning ball moving through air.
MAGNUSPaired with another scientist's name, these equations describe the motion of viscous fluid substances like air and water.
NAVIERThis law defines the angle of incidence at which reflected light becomes completely polarized.
BREWSTERThis law gives the frictional drag force on a small sphere moving slowly through a viscous fluid.
STOKESThis astronomer's period-luminosity relation let scientists use pulsating stars to measure vast cosmic distances.
LEAVITTPaired with another physicist's name, this law gives the magnetic field produced by a steady electric current.
BIOTThis effect describes how a superconductor expels magnetic field lines from its interior below a critical temperature.
MEISSNERThis force law defines how a charged particle is pushed by combined electric and magnetic fields.
LORENTZThis physicist's law relates the frequency of an element's characteristic X-ray emissions to its atomic number.
MOSELEYThis ancient Greek's principle states that a submerged body experiences an upward force equal to the weight of fluid it displaces.
ARCHIMEDESThis law states that the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the gas's pressure above it.
HENRYThis law states that an induced electric current flows in a direction that opposes the change that created it.
LENZThis exclusion principle states that no two identical fermions, like electrons in an atom, can occupy the same quantum state.
PAULIThis physicist's formula predicts the wavelengths of light emitted when a hydrogen atom's electron drops to a lower energy level.
RYDBERGThis effect causes a temperature difference to appear across the junction of two different conductors carrying an electric current.
PELTIERThis chemistry rule states that electrons fill separate orbitals of equal energy singly before any orbital gets a second electron.
HUNDThis eerie blue radiation is emitted when a charged particle travels through a medium faster than light does in that medium.
CHERENKOVThis effect is a tiny attractive force between two uncharged metal plates placed extremely close together in a vacuum.
CASIMIRThis mathematician's series describes the visible spectral lines produced by hydrogen atoms.
BALMERThis law describes how a heated black body's radiation output varies with wavelength and temperature.
PLANCKThis law states that galaxies recede from an observer at a speed proportional to their distance.
HUBBLEThis law states that the rate of heat flow through a material is proportional to the temperature gradient across it.
FOURIERThis physicist's gold-foil experiment revealed that an atom's positive charge is concentrated in a tiny, dense nucleus.
RUTHERFORDThis law states that a solvent's vapor pressure in a mixture is proportional to its mole fraction.
RAOULTThis optics principle holds that an opaque disc and a same-size hole produce identical diffraction patterns away from the direct beam.
BABINETThis chemist's law relates a gas's rate of diffusion or effusion to the square root of its molar mass.
GRAHAMPaired with another name, this statistics describes how particles obeying the exclusion principle are distributed among energy states.
FERMIThis physicist proposed that all matter, not just light, carries an associated wavelength.
BROGLIEThis chemistry principle predicts how a system at equilibrium shifts to counteract a change in conditions.
CHATELIERThis physicist's constant relates the average kinetic energy of particles in a gas to its temperature.
BOLTZMANNPaired with another name, this law states a metal's thermal-to-electrical conductivity ratio is proportional to its temperature.
FRANZPaired with another scientist's name, this classical law estimates a solid's molar heat capacity from the number of atoms in its lattice.
DULONGThis law states that the electrostatic force between two charges is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
COULOMBPaired with another name, this famous null-result experiment failed to detect Earth's motion through a hypothesized luminous ether.
MICHELSONThis effect describes the splitting of atomic spectral lines when the source is placed in a magnetic field.
ZEEMANThis effect produces a measurable voltage across a current-carrying conductor placed in a perpendicular magnetic field.
HALLThis physicist's law relates the speed of fluid leaving an opening under gravity to the height of fluid above it.
TORRICELLIPaired with another name, this outdated rule predicted the roughly geometric spacing of planetary orbits in the solar system.
BODEThis gas law states that volume increases in proportion to temperature at constant pressure.
CHARLESThis law describes how the intensity of polarized light changes as it passes through a polarizing filter at an angle.
MALUS